- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables
Design Pressure – Pc
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Material
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component
Specific variables
These variables are component specific
Outside Diameter – Do
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Nominal Thickness neutral line – en
The neutral line is along the neutral axis of the bend. Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Nominal Thickness Intrados – ein
Intrados is the inner radius of the bend. Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Nominal Thickness Extrados – een
Extrados is the outer radius of the bend. Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Corrosion – c0
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – c1
Tolerance in thickness for production
Joint coefficient – z
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties
Bend Radius – R
Radius of the bend from the origin to the neutral axis of the bend. The origin lies in on the intersection of the lines perpendicular to neutral axis, through the points where the bend ends turn straight
Calculated Values
Allowable Operating Stress – f
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Allowable stress at 20 °C – ft
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition.
Intrados factor – Ci
Bend correction factor at the inner radius of the bend (bend radius − half the outside diameter)
Extrados factor – Ce
Bend correction factor at the outer radius of the bend (bend radius + half the outside diameter)
Nominal Required Thickness neutral line, intrados, extrados – ern, eirn, eern
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – Pc/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient wall thickness neutral line.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness at the neutral line.
Insufficient wall thickness intrados.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness at the intrados. The intrados should generally be thicker than the minimum required thickness at the neutral line.
Insufficient wall thickness extrados.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness at the extrados. The extrados should generally be thinner than the minimum required thickness at the neutral line.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables.
Design Pressure – Pc
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Material
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component
Specific variables
These variables are component specific
Outside Diameter – Do
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Nominal Thickness – en
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Corrosion – c0
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – c1
Tolerance in thickness for production
Joint coefficient – z
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties
Calculated Values
Allowable Stress at Temperature – f
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component
Allowable stress at 20 °C – ft
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition
Inside Diameter – Di
Outside Diameter − 2 × Thickness
Nominal Required Thickness – esrn
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – Pc/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient dish thickness.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in almost all reports as input variables.
Design Pressure – Pc
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Material
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component
Specific variables
These variables are component specific
Outside Diameter – Do
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Nominal Thickness disk, knuckle – en, ekn
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Nominal Inside Dish Radius – Rin
Nominal inside radius of the dish (large radius). Custom defined size for torispherical and estimated size for elliptical.
Nominal Inside Knuckle Radius – rin
Nominal inside radius of the knuckle (small radius). Custom defined size for torispherical and estimated size for elliptical.
Corrosion – c0
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – c1
Tolerance in thickness for production
Joint coefficient – z
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties
Calculated Values
Allowable Stress at Temperature – f
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component
Allowable Buckling Stress at Temperature – fb
Buckling stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without structural failure) to use the component
Allowable stress at 20 °C – ft
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition
Allowable buckling stress at 20 °C – fbt
Buckling stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without structural failure) to use the component at testing condition
Nominal Required Thickness dish, knuckle – esrn, ekrn
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – Pc/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Scope errors
Ellipsoidal end factor K is out of scope: required 1.7 < K < 2.2
The calculation takes a default value K = 2
Joint coefficient z is out of scope: required z = 1.0
This code determines a specific joint coefficient.
Internal knuckle radius is out of scope: required ri ≤ 0.2 Di, ri ≥ 0.06 Di and ri ≥ 3 e
This code determines a minimum and maximum knuckle radius.
Internal dish radius is out of scope: required Ri ≤ Do
This code determines a maximum dish radius.
Required thickness is out of scope: required 0.001 Di ≤ e ≤ 0.08 Di
This code determines a minimum and maximum required thickness
For e < 0.003 Di the material must be 'Carbon Steel' or 'Austenitic' and T ≤ 100 °C
This code determines specific material and a maximum temperature for (very) thin walled heads.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient dish thickness.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Insufficient knuckle thickness.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Calculation errors
Can't calculate required knuckle thickness ey. Please check input data.
An error occured in the calculation for the required thickness.
Can't calculate required knuckle thickness eb. Please check input data.
An error occured in the calculation for the required thickness.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables
Design Pressure – Pc
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Material
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component
Specific variables
These variables are component specific
Outside Diameter – Do
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Nominal Thickness – en
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Corrosion – c0
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – c1
Tolerance in thickness for production
Joint coefficient – z
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties
Radius miter bend – R
Radius of the miter bend from the origin of curvature and perpendicular to the neutral axis of the bend. The neutral axis follows the centerlines of the miter joints.
Total deflection angle miter bend – Angle
The angle of the total deflection the miter bend makes, i.e. the angle between the centerlines of the attached pipes.
Number of segments – NoS
The number of joints in which the bend is divided.
Calculated Values
Allowable Stress at Temperature – f
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Allowable stress at 20 °C – ft
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition.
Miter bend cut angle – θ
Cutting angle between the different joints.
Change in direction at miter joint – α = 2θ
The total angle of deflection per miter joint.
Maximum calculation pressure – Pc max
Maximum pressure allowed when the stress is time dependent or not.
Minimum miter bend radius – Rmin
Minimum required bend radius
Minimum inside length of sleeve segment ends – M
Minimum length of the segment measured at the inside.
Multiple/Single miter bend type
A miter bend is called a multiple miter bend with 3 or more segments, otherwise a single miter bend with 2 segments.
Nominal Required Thickness – ern
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – Pc/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Scope errors
Number of segments is out of scope: required is NoS ≥ 2
A miterbend has at least 2 segments.
For time dependent design stress: required Pc ≤ 0.4 MPa
This code determines for loads that vary in time a maximum pressure.
For time dependent design stress: required cycles ≤ 100
This code determines for loads that vary in time a maximum number of cycles.
For time independent design stress: required Pc ≤ 2 MPa
This code determines for loads that are constant in time a maximum pressure.
For time independent design stress and change in direction α > 22.5°: required cycles ≤ 7000
This code determines for loads that are constant in time a maximum number of cycles.
No calculation required when deflection angle per miter α ≤ 3°
This code determines a minimum angle of miter cut θ. Decrease the number of miter segments or increase the total deflection angle of the miterbend.
For multiple miter bends, the miter cut angle is out of scope: required is θ ≤ 22.5°
This code determines for multiple miter bend a maximum angle.
Miter bend radius is out of scope: required is R ≥ Rmin mm.
This code determines a minimum radius.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient wall thickness
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Remarks
For single miter bends, the miter cut angle θ is larger than 22.5°.
The Maximum Allowable Pressure drops rapidly when the angle exceeds this limit.
Calculation errors
Can't calculate required thickness. Please check input data.
An error occured in the calculation for the required thickness.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables for reducers (concentric/eccentric).
Design Pressure – Pc
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Material
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component
Specific variables
These variables are component specific
Large/Small
Large and Small refer to the large pipe end and the smaller (reduced) pipe end respectively
Outside Diameter – Do (Large/Small)
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Nominal Thickness cylindrical end – en (Large/Small)
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Nominal Thickness knuckle on adjacent sides – e1n, e2n (Large/Small)
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Nominal inside or outside knuckle radius – rn (Large/Small)
Nominal inside radius (at large end) or outside radius (at small end) of the knuckle.
Corrosion – c0
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – c1 (Large/Small)
Tolerance in thickness for production
Joint coefficient – z
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties
Overall length – L
Length of the entire reducer
Length conical part – Lc
Length of the part that reduces gradually in diameter and hence, forms a conical shape
Angle cone – α
The angle of the conical section, or the slope with which the diameter reduces.
Calculated Values
Allowable Stress at Temperature – f
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Allowable stress at 20 °C – ft
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition.
Nominal Required Thickness cylinder, cone, junction – ecylrn, econrn, ejrn (Large/Small)
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Nominal Required Thickness cylinder, cone and knuckle at junction – e1,2rn (Large/Small)
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP (Large/Small)
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – Pc/MAWP (Large/Small)
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP (Large/Small)
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Scope errors
Reducer angle is out of scope: maximum angle is 75°
This code determines a maximum reducer angle.
Cylinder thickness at large end is out of scope: required is ea cos(α) / Dc > 0.001
This code determines a minimum thickness.
Knuckle radius at large end is out of scope: required is r < 0.3 Dc
This code determines a maximum radius.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient wall thickness ecyl at large end.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Insufficient wall thickness e1,2 at large end.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Insufficient wall thickness econ at large end.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Insufficient wall thickness ecyl at small end.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Insufficient wall thickness e1,2 at small end.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Insufficient wall thickness econ at small end.
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Insufficient wall thickness ECCENTRIC reducer (see EN 13480 6.4.9).
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Calculation errors
Can't calculate required junction thickness large end. Please check input data.
An error occured in the calculation for the required thickness.
Can't calculate required junction thickness small end. Please check input data.
An error occured in the calculation for the required thickness.
Error in calculations 6.4 for small end.
An error occured in the calculations for the small end.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables.
Design Pressure – Pc
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Material
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component
Specific variables
These variables are component specific
Outside Diameter – Do
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Nominal Thickness – en
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Corrosion – c0
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – c1
Tolerance in thickness for production
Joint coefficient – z
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties
Length tangent to tangent – L
Length of the straight part of the pipe (equals the unsupported length of the pipe)
Calculated Values
Allowable Stress at Temperature – f
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component
Allowable stress at 20 °C – ft
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition.
Nominal Required Thickness – ern
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – Pc/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient wall thickness
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Remarks
Shell is thick walled when Do/Di > 1.7
The stress analysis of a thick walled cylinder is different than that of a thin walled cylinder.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables
Design Pressure – Pc
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Material (header/branch)
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component
Specific variables
These variables are component specific
Outside Diameter header and branch – Do, do
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle. Generally the branch is smaller in diameter than the header.
Nominal Thickness header, branch and reinforcement – esn, ebn, epln
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Corrosion header and branch – c0s, c0b
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance header, branch and reinforcement – c1s, c1b, c1pl
Tolerance in thickness for production
Joint coefficient header and branch – zs, zb
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties
Inclined angle of deflection branch – phi
Angle between the centerline of the branch and the header centerline.
Reinforcement width – lpl
Width of the reinforcement. The width equals the outer radius minus the inner radius.
Calculated Values
Allowable Operating Stress header, branch and reinforcement – fs, fb, fpl
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component
Allowable stress at 20 °C header, branch and reinforcement – fst, fbt, fplt
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition
Stress ratio branch/header – fb/fs, fbt/fst
Ratio of operating stresses of the branch and the header. This ratio must be ≤ 1.
Stress ratio reinforcement/header – fpl/fs, fplt/fst
Ratio of operating stresses of the reinforcement and the header. This ratio must be ≤ 1.
Required thickness header pipe and branch pipe – esr, ebr
Based on the input, this is the calculated thickness that is required to sustain the loads. The nominal value should be smaller than the nominal design thickness.
Reinforcement limit header direction – ls
Length from the branch outside diameter to the end of the header reinforcement zone.
Reinforcement limit branch direction – lb
Length from the header outside diameter to the end of the branch reinforcement
Material area header – Afs
Cross-sectional area of header material between reinforcement limits.
Material area branch – Afb
Cross-sectional area of branch material between reinforcement limits.
Material area reinforcement – Afpl
Cross-sectional area of reinforcement material between reinforcement limits.
Pressure area header – Aps
Cross-sectional area with pressure in header between reinforcement limits.
Pressure area branch – Apb
Cross-sectional area with pressure in branch between reinforcement limits.
Total pressure area – Ap
Total cross-sectional area with pressure in header and branch between reinforcement limits.
Pressure force – Fp
Total force of the design pressure on the total pressure area.
Maximum allowable pressure force – Fpmax
Maximum allwable force of the design pressure on the total pressure area.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – Pc/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Tapering header and branch
The tapering of the header and branch on connecting pipes is checked.
Scope errors
Angle branch is out of scope (center line branch to header wall): required is 45° ≤ α ≤ 135°.
This code determines a minimum and maximum branch angle.
Inclined angle of the branch is out of scope: required is 0° ≤ φ ≤ 45°.
This code determines a minimum and maximum branch angle.
No reinforcement ring allowed for T > 300 °C
This code determines that reinforcement area has to gained from header or branch.
No reinforcement ring allowed for Pc > Pc_Max (see figure 8.3.6-1).
This code determines that reinforcement area has to gained from header or branch.
No reinforcement ring allowed for di/Di > 0.8
This code determines that these branch connections no reinforcement is applicable.
Branch connections with di/Di > 0.8 are not allowed in the creep range.
This code determines that these branch connections are not applicable in the creep range.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient wall thickness for header
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Insufficient wall thickness for branch
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness.
Insufficient reinforcement area
Reinforcement area is too small. Increase the reinforcement width or wall thickness of reinforcement, header or branch.
Warnings
Tapering header in reinforced zone.
Indicates tapering of header in reinforced zone.
Tapering branch in reinforced zone.
Indicates tapering of branch in reinforced zone.
Remarks
Branch thickness is large (see 8.3.1), maximum used in calculation is twice the header thickness.
This code determines for branches a maximum thickness.
Branch thickness is large (see 8.3.1) for testing, maximum used in calculation is twice the header thickness.
This code determines for branches a maximum thickness.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables.
Design Pressure – Pc
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Material
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component
Specific variables
These variables are component specific
Outside Diameter – Do
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Nominal Thickness – en
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Corrosion – c0
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – c1
Tolerance in thickness for production
Infinite length – L′
The unsupported lenght of the shell is infitely long, meaning the external pressure can not collapse the shell.
Maximum unsupported length – L
Maximum length of the straight part of the pipe that is unsupported.
Calculated Values
Allowable stress at operating temperature – S
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Yield strength at operating temperature – Rpt
Stress in the component at which the component starts to plastically deform at operating temperature.
Modulus of elasticity – Et
Tendency to deform (tensile strain) along an axis when opposing forces (tensile stress) are applied along that axis.
Poisson's ratio – ν
(Negative) ratio of transverse to axial strain. An extension (or contraction) in the direction of a load corresponds in a contraction (or extension) in a direction perpendicular to the applied load. The ratio between these two quantities is the Poisson's ratio.
Number of circumferential waves – ncyl
Number of circumferential waves for an unstiffened part of cylinder. The value is an integer ≥ 2 to minimize the value of Pm
Critical strain – ε
Mean elastic strain at collapse
Yield pressure – Py
Pressure at which mean circumferential stress in cylindrical shell midway between stiffeners reaches yield point of material.
Critical pressure – Pm
Theoretical elastic instability pressure for collapse of perfect cylindrical shell
Critical pressure – Pr
Lower bound collapse pressure
Maximum Allowable Pressure – Pa
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Remarks
Restricted unsupported length: L = x mm
The unsupported length is restricted to a maximum: L ≤ L′
Calculation errors
Can't calculate maximum unsupported length for external pressure.
The shell has insufficient strength to determine the unsupported length.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables.
Design Pressure – Pc
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Material (header/branch)
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component
Specific variables
These variables are component specific
Outside Diameter (tapered) header and (tapered) branch – Do, Do′, do, do′
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle. Generally the branch is smaller in diameter than the header.
Nominal Thickness (tapered) header and (tapered) branch – esn, es′, ebn, eb′
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Tapered section
Section in which the thickness of either the branch or header gradually changes to the thickness of the pipe.
Half width header direction – W0
Distance from the centerline of the branch part to the end of the header part indicated by the direction.
Half height branch direction – H0
Distance from the centerline of the header part to the end of the branch part indicated by the direction.
Crotch outside radius factor – Rf
Tee transition outside radius factor. Used value is 0.67 when dimension standards do not provide a value.
Crotch thickness factor – CF
Tee crotch thickness factor. Used value is 1.25 when dimension standards do not provide a value.
Tee transition outside radius header to branch – R
Tee crotch outside radius. Radius is calculated or user defined.
Nominal Crotch Thickness – ecn
Crotch thickness is calculated or user defined.
Corrosion – c0
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosions.
Tolerance – c1
Tolerance in thickness for production
Joint coefficient – z
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties
Calculated Values
Allowable Stress at Temperature – f
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component
Allowable stress at 20 °C – ft
Stress in the component at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition
Header inside diameter at the reinforcement limit – Di*
Inside diameter of the header where the header meets the outside diameter of the branch at the reinforcement limit.
Header thickness at the reinforcement limit – eas*
Thickness of the header where the header meets the outside diameter of the branch at the reinforcement limit.
Branch inside diameter at the reinforcement limit – di*
Inside diameter of the branch where the branch meets the outside diameter of the header at the reinforcement limit.
Branch thickness at the reinforcement limit – eab*
Thickness of the branch where the branch meets the outside diameter of the header at the reinforcement limit.
Reinforcement limit header direction – ls
Length from the branch outside diameter to the end of the header reinforcement zone.
Reinforcement limit branch direction – lb
Length from the header outside diameter to the end of the branch reinforcement zone.
Total material area tee – Af
Total cross-sectional area of tee material between reinforcement limits.
Total pressure area tee – Ap
Total cross-sectional area with pressure in tee between reinforcement limits.
Pressure force – Fp
Total force of the design pressure on the total pressure area.
Maximum allowable pressure force – Fpmax
Maximum allwable force of the design pressure on the total pressure area.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – Pc/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Tapering header and branch
The tapering of the header and branch on connecting pipes is checked.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient wall thickness for header
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness of the header.
Insufficient wall thickness for branch
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness of the branch.
Insufficient reinforcement area or wall thickness.
Reinforcement area is too small. Increase the reinforcement area or thickness.
Warnings
Tapering header in reinforced zone.
Indicates tapering of header in reinforced zone.
Tapering branch in reinforced zone.
Indicates tapering of branch in reinforced zone.
Remarks
Branch thickness is large (see 8.3.1), maximum used in calculation is twice the header thickness.
This code determines for branches a maximum thickness.
Branch thickness tapering is large (see 8.3.1), maximum used in calculation is twice the tapered header thickness.
This code determines for branches a maximum thickness.
- Details
Input variables
Generic variables
These variables can be found in virtually all reports as input variables
Design Pressure – Pc
Pressure assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Design Temperature – T
Temperature assumed to be present in the component according to the design terms
Material (header/branch)
Name of selected material used for the construction of the component
Specific variables
These variables are component specific.
Outside Diameter branch and header – do, Do
Outside diameter of the attached part. The diameter runs from the outside of the wall to the opposite outside of the wall, through the center of the circle.
Inside Diameter – din
Inside diameter at the top.
Shoulder Diameter – D2
Largest outside diameter.
Diameter hole in header – D3
Internal diameter opening between header and branch. Equal to the inside diameter at the bottom.
Overall height branch – H0
Height from top to bottom.
Height at shoulder to branch – H1
Height from the top to the largest outside diameter
Height at inside beveled area – H2
Height from the bottom to the smallest inside diameter.
Height at welding area header – H3
Available height at bottom for welding
Gap between header and weldolet – Gap
Clearance distance at bottom for welding
Nominal Thickness Header – esn
Thickness ‘as is’, meaning it is the design thickness taking into account corrosion and tolerance.
Corrosion – c0, c0s
Amount of thickness that accounts for the possible effects of corrosion.
Tolerance header –c1s
Tolerance in thickness for production
Joint coefficient header – zs
Effectiveness of the strength, depending on whether joints are seamless, welded, or expected to perform worse than the base material properties.
Calculated Values
Allowable Operating Stress – f, fs
Stress in the branch and the header at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component.
Allowable stress at 20 °C – ft, fst
Stress in the branch and the header at which it is still allowed (without failure) to use the component at testing condition.
Stress ratio – f/fs, ft/fst
Ratio of the allowable stresses in the branch and the header
Reinforcement limit header direction – ls
Length from the branch outside diameter to the end of the header reinforcement zone.
Reinforcement limit branch direction – lb
Length from the header outside diameter to the end of the branch reinforcement zone.
Material area header – Afs
Cross-sectional area of header material between reinforcement limits.
Material area branch – Afb
Cross-sectional area of branch material between reinforcement limits.
Pressure area header – Aps
Cross-sectional area with pressure in header between reinforcement limits.
Pressure area branch – Apb
Cross-sectional area with pressure in branch between reinforcement limits.
Total pressure area – Ap
Total cross-sectional area with pressure in header and branch between reinforcement limits.
Pressure force – Fp
Total force of the design pressure on the total pressure area.
Maximum allowable pressure force – Fpmax
Maximum allwable force of the design pressure on the total pressure area.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure – MAWP
The maximum pressure at which the component can be used in operation. This value should be larger than the design pressure.
Design margin – Pc/MAWP
Ratio of the design pressure to MAWP
Maximum Allowable Test Pressure – MATP
The maximum pressure at which the component should be tested and survive.
Scope errors
No header pipe dimensions specified.
A header pipe is needed for the calculations.
Errors
Can’t find material ‘MaterialName’ in database
Material could not be found in database. Select an existing material name, or select another material via the material selection window.
Insufficient wall thickness for header
Wall thickness is insufficient to bear the applied loads. Increase the wall thickness of the header.
Insufficient reinforcement area.
Reinforcement area is too small. Increase the reinforcement area or thickness.