Table of Contents
1. Scope
2. General
3. Standards
4. List of Items to be Left Unpainted
5. Surface Preparation
6. Paint Material Preparation
7. Application of Primers and Paints
8. Quality Control
9. Precautions
10. Guarantee
11. Selection of Painting Systems
12. Attachments
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the minimum requirements for surface preparation, shop priming, shop painting and field painting of metal surfaces for structural steel, piping, equipment, vessels and tanks.
1.2 In addition to the requirements of this specification, the paint manufacturer's instructions shall be carefully followed.
In case of conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern. In such cases the contractor shall inform purchaser immediately, in writing.
1.3 Shop fabricator shall shop prime/paint his products as per section 12. only. Unless stated otherwise, the required touch-up and field painting shall be executed by the field painting contractor. For selection of paint systems, refer section 11.
1.4 To facilitate field painting, shop primed/painted equipment items shall be identified with paint manufacturer's name and product name of the shop primer/paint applied. Letters and digits shall be 5cm high.
1.5 Paintwork not covered by this specification:
1.5.1 The painting of any building item or material other than the items mentioned under paragraph 1.1.
1.5.2 The internal coating or lining of piping and equipment.
1.5.3 The banding or marking of piping for the indication of the material class c.q. transported media.
1.5.4 The numbering for identification of equipment and tanks.
1.5.5 The coating and wrapping of underground piping and vessels.
1.5.6 The application of stoving lacquers.
1.5.7 The preservation with temporary protectives of piping, equipment and machinery in shipment or in storage, unless specified otherwise.
2. General
2.1 All operations shall be performed by skilled workmen.
Standards of workmanship and materials not described in this specification shall be in accordance with generally accepted good practice.
Paint contractor is to verify any possible limitations on application, curing, recoating etc. with the paint manufacturer and, if any, take these limitations into account prior to start of painting operations.
Tools and equipment to be used shall be clean, in good condition and of a design acceptable to purchaser.
2.2 No field work shall be executed during rain, snowfall, mist or dusty conditions. However, work may be executed during rain or snowfall, provided that adequate cover has been installed and all instructions given in this specification are met.
2.3 Touch-up and field painting after erection shall commence as soon as practical after mechanical completion of equipment or after successful pressure testing of piping.
2.4 To maintain the shop primed/painted surfaces, the paintwork on these surfaces shall be touched up as soon as possible upon arrival on site and after erection, when required.
2.5 Surfaces that will be inaccessible after assembly shall receive the complete painting system before assembling.
Platforms, gangways and stair beams shall receive the complete painting system before the gratings or stair treads are mounted.
Contact surfaces between i.e. piperack steel and piping (supports) may be shop-primed only.
Contact surfaces of bolted connections in steel structures are to be primed as a minimum, unless specified otherwise.
Contact surfaces of friction-grip-bolt type connections, unless specified otherwise, shall not receive any further painting on top of primer.
2.6 Abbreviations as Used in this Specification
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Abbreviation |
Meaning |
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MDFT |
Minimum Dry Film Thickness in micrometers.(mu) |
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MOT |
Maximum Operating Temperature |
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NOT |
Normal Operating Temperature |
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CS |
Carbon Steel |
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For ease of reference, Low Alloy Steel (containing 9% chrome or less), Cast Iron, Ductile Iron, and the like are identified in this specification as "CS". |
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SS |
Stainless Steel For ease of reference, Alloy Steel AISI 300 series, are identified in this specification as "SS". |
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NA |
Nickel Alloy For ease of reference, Nickel Alloy's such as: Monel, Incoloy, Inconel and Hastelloy are identified in this specification as "NA". |
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SSPC |
Steel Structures Painting Council |
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MAC |
Maximum Allowable Concentration |
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LEL |
Lower Explosion Limit |
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MIO |
Micaceous Iron Oxide |
3. Standards
In this specification reference is made to the following standards:
3.1 Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC), Volumes 1 and 2.
3.2 Visual assessment of surface cleanliness ISO 8501-1.
3.3 American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM.
3.4 Deutsches Institut für Gütesicherung under Kennzeichnung e.v. übersichtskarte ral-f2 zum Farbregister, RAL 840 HR.
4. List of Items to be Left Unpainted
4.1 All surfaces made of nonferro metals such as: aluminium, titanium, copper, brass, nickel alloy's such as: Monel, Incoloy, Inconel, Hastelloy and materials such as: plastics, fiber glass, etc.
4.2 Hot-dip galvanized surfaces, unless color coding is required.
4.3 CS surfaces to be insulated and over a normal operating temperature as specified in paragraph 11.5.
4.4 Noninsulated SS surfaces.
4.5 CS and SS Tracing
SS instrument impulse lines (insulated or noninsulated).
Capillary tubing of temperature instruments.
4.6 Exposed moving parts, mechanical seal glands, machined surfaces, etc.
4.7 Nameplates, markings and push-buttons.
4.8 Insulation protective covering.
5. Surface Preparation
5.1 Before any surface preparation is commenced the surface shall be completely dry, free from weld spatter, flux, loose scale, dirt, dust, grease, oil and other foreign matter. All bolt holes shall be solvent cleaned prior to blast-cleaning. If the surface has been exposed to a polluted, e.g. salt laden atmosphere, it shall be washed down with clean fresh water. Welds shall have been applied continuously, avoiding skip welds to maximum extent. All sharp edges shall have been rounded off to a minimum radius of 2 mm. Surface preparation shall include the thorough removal of blasting materials and dust (i.e. blown-off with dry and oil free compressed air) remaining weld spatters, welding flux and surface lamination. Where rectification has been necessary on blast-cleaned surfaces, the particular areas shall be reblasted to remove all rust and slag, and to restore adequate profile for the adhesion of the primer, leaving the overall prepared surface dry, clean and in all respects fit to be painted.
5.2 All cleaned surfaces shall comply to the required surface preparation standard at the moment the primer coat is applied, refer paragraph 7.1.
5.3 Description of Surface Preparation Methods
5.3.1 Solvent cleaning as per SSPC-SP1
Solvent cleaning as per SSPC-SP1 shall precede other methods of surface preparation and the application of any coat, whenever dirt, oil, grease and other substances, harmful to lifetime or appearance of primers or paints are present.
These agents shall be removed by means of clean solvents (such as white spirit), or suitable cleaning compounds.
After the use of water soluble compounds the surfaces shall be rinsed with an ample amount of potable water, and then be allowed to dry thoroughly before any further step is taken.
Only clean brushes and rags shall be used.
For the rinsing of SS items only solvents shall be used.
5.3.2 Commercial blast cleaning as per ISO 8501-1 grade Sa 2, equivalent to:
SSPC-SP6.
Millscale, rust, primer, paint or other foreign matter shall be removed to such an extent, that the cleaned surface is equal in appearance to the Pictorial Standard ISO 8501-1, Sa2 as a minimum.
5.3.3 Near-white metal blast cleaning as per ISO 8501-1 grade Sa 2½, equivalent to:
SSPC-SP10.
Millscale, rust, primer, paint or other foreign matter shall be removed to such an extent, that the cleaned surface is equal in appearance to the Pictorial Standard ISO 8501-1, Sa2½ as a minimum.
5.3.4 Power or hand tool cleaning as per ISO 8501-1 grade St 2/3, equivalent to:
SSPC-SP2/3.
All loose matter, such as millscale, and rust, shall be removed. The cleaned surface shall be equal in appearance to the Pictorial Standard ISO 8501-1, B-St2 as a minimum for new and weathered steel, and to Pictorial Standard ISO 8501-1, C-St3 for previously blast-cleaned steel.
Power tool cleaning is preferred over hand tool cleaning. In case power tool cleaning is impossible, hand tool cleaning will be acceptable, but only after purchaser's approval has been obtained.
Power and hand tool cleaning shall not be applied to replace specified blast cleaning.
Power and hand tool cleaned surfaces shall be free of sharp cuts or burrs, and shall not be burnished to a degree detrimental to the adhesion of primers and paints.
5.3.5 Cleaning of Stainless Steel (SS)
SS surfaces shall receive a light blast cleaning with a suitable abrasive such as inert aluminium oxide.
If blast cleaning is absolutely impossible, then solvent or steam degreasing with an alkaline detergent agent may be used as a second choice surface preparation.
5.3.6 Touch up
Touch up is applicable to welds, bolting in structural steel, and damaged, rusted, or otherwise oxidized primed, or primed and painted surfaces, as a first step to field painting.
Touch up shall include all necessary operations such as:
a) solvent cleaning;
b) the removal of zinc oxides (as found on zinc-rich primers) by means of potable water and nylon brushes;
c) derusting of damaged shop primed/painted or galvanized surfaces, welds and bolting by spot blasting to Sa2½ or by preparation to the highest possible standard using mechanically operated tools (in order of preference);
d) spot priming and painting with the specified materials and to the same number of shop coats and MDFT as has been specified.
Note: For cleaning of SS, refer paragraph 5.3.5.
5.4 Blast cleaned surfaces shall provide a good anchor pattern/profile for primers, however, shall not show excessive roughness.
The anchor pattern/profile to be obtained shall be compatible with the type of the specified primer, i.e.
Zinc silicate : Ra 12 ± 2 microns, Rz 80 microns maximum
Zinc rich epoxy : Ra 9 ± 2 microns, Rz 60 microns maximum
Alkyd : Ra 9 microns maximum, Rz 60 microns maximum
In any case : ask relevant paint manufacturer the required profile for selected primer.
Notes: When machine blasting is used, the blasting material shall be such that above requirements are met.
When apparatus for determination of anchor patterns is not available (par. 8.3) then the following method may be used:
Ra = approximately 1/3 of the value as measured with a gauge as described in paragraph 8.4
Rz = surface amplitude.
5.5 Blast cleaning shall not be carried out when the surface temperature of the item is less than 3°C above the dewpoint of the surrounding air, or when the humidity of the air is greater than 85%.
6. Paint Material Preparation
6.1 The paint materials shall be stored in accordance with the paint manufacturer's directions.
6.2 All containers shall be factory sealed and be clearly marked with paint manufacturer's name or initials or recognized trade mark, a description of the contents, including specification number, color reference number, the method of application for which it is intended, the batch number, and the date of fabrication.
The containers shall remain closed until the contents are required for use.
6.3 The oldest material of each kind shall be used first.
6.4 Paint material which has deteriorated in any way shall be replaced.
6.5 Before use, the painting materials shall be mixed in a manner which will ensure break up of all lumps, complete dispersion of all components and a uniform composition.
Intermixing of different brands or types of paints is not allowed.
6.6 To achieve a uniform blend and a proper dispersion, separately packed pigments shall be mixed into the base material.
6.7 Two component materials shall be mixed in accordance with the paint manufacturer's instructions.
Containers of hardener or catalyst shall be emptied completely into the base material.
No more paint material shall be prepared than can be used within the time designated by the paint manufacturer as "pot life".
A possible extension of this "pot life" by the addition of thinners is prohibited.
6.8 Mixing shall be done in a well ventilated, clean and dust-free area.
All mixing shall be done by mechanical means. The mixing appliances shall be clean.
6.9 Thinner shall only be added to the materials when necessary for proper application, and in accordance with the paint manufacturer's instructions.
6.10 When the use of thinner is permitted (refer paragraph 6.9), the required amount shall be added to the materials during the mixing process only.
The addition of any other ingredients to the paint materials by paint applicator is prohibited.
6.11 The type of thinner used shall comply with the paint manufacturer's instructions.
6.12 Immediately before use, all paint materials shall be strained.
6.13 During use, the materials shall be stirred sufficiently to maintain a uniform composition.
Coatings containing heavy or metallic pigments that have a tendency to settle shall be kept in suspension by a mechanical agitator or stirrer.
7. Application of Primers and Paints
7.1 Any surface, prepared in accordance with section 5 of this specification, shall be completely covered with primer within 4 hours after the surface preparation is ceased, however, when corrosion becomes visible on blast cleaned surfaces before the primer coat is completely applied, then the application of primer shall be ceased immediately (refer paragraph 5.2). The surface preparation shall be repeated, but not before surrounding wet coats have been allowed to dry properly. In this case, blast-cleaning shall overlap by a minimum of 25mm into any adjacent coated areas.
7.2 The paint materials shall be applied by the tools as advised by the paint manufacturer. When spray application is recommended, supplemental brushing may be recommended to obtain adequate protection at crevices, bolts, rivets, welds, edges, and all other surfaces where the MDFT cannot be reached by spraying only. This brushing shall precede the spray application.
7.3 The use of brushes with handles longer than 40cm, and of rollers with handles longer than 2m is not allowed.
7.4 To the maximum possible extent each coat shall be applied as a smooth and continuous film of uniform thickness, free of pores. The applied primer shall cover the blast cleaning profile adequately, refer paragraph 5.4.
When overcoating freshly applied zinc silicate a mist coat/full coat spray technique is normally required to eliminate pore formation. Paint manufacturer’s instructions shall be followed.
7.5 There shall be a minimum of application marks in the applied coats. Sags or runs shall be brushed out while the coat is still wet.
7.6 Each coat shall be applied to the MDFT as specified. To prevent mud-cracking, the dry film thickness of each coat shall not exceed the paint manufacturers recommended maximum thickness.
7.7 The paint manufacturer's instructions regarding intercoat intervals shall be strictly observed. The shop-paint shall be thoroughly dry before transporting a painted item.
7.8 Priming or painting shall not be carried out when the surface temperature of the item is less than 3°C above the dewpoint of the surrounding air, or when the air temperature is expected to drop below 0°C before the material has dried.
7.9 Epoxy based materials shall not be applied when the surface temperature is below 8°C, or when the air temperature is expected to drop below 0°C within the next 24 hours.
7.10 During application, the item surface shall not have a temperature which is detrimental to the appearance or lifetime of the paint.
7.11 Subsequent coats shall be of a distinctly different shade. Tinting, if required, shall be performed by the paint manufacturer only.
7.12 The painting of bare parts of items to be externally insulated shall reach under the insulation to a minimum distance of 100mm.
8. Quality Control
8.1 All respective vendors and contractors shall inspect each operation included in their scope of work, such as surface preparation and the application of each coat. Purchaser, however, reserves the right to inspect any or all of the operations.
Inspection and approval of materials and/or workmanship by purchaser shall not be construed as relieving the vendor or contractor of his responsibilities.
Defects found by any party shall be corrected before any next operation is commenced.
8.2 Vendor respectively contractor shall report, in writing, on quality control and the results of their inspection on the hold points such as:
· examination of surface to be prepared, check for imperfections, sharp edges, grease, etc., which are to be removed prior to blast cleaning;
· dew point;
· surface temperature of item to be treated;
· degree of blast cleaning;
· blast cleaning anchor pattern profile;
· thickness first coat (primer, state type and make);
· thickness total painting system (state type and make of coating);
· paint adhesion;
· identification per paragraph 1.4.
Note:Vendor respectively contractor shall provide the instruments required to perform above inspection. Instruments shall be calibrated prior to their use.
Vendor respectively contractor shall provide the paint manufacturer's data sheets for the selected primers/paints.
8.3 Blast cleaning anchor pattern/profile shall be checked with a Keane Tator Surface Profile Comparator, Depth micrometer, Replica Tape test or Rugo test.
8.4 The dry film thickness of the applicable primers and paint shall be checked with a "mikrotest F" gauge, an "elcometer" (banana type) gauge, or equivalent. The MDFT as required in section 11 represents the value after correction of the value for the obtained blast-cleaning profile.
Wet film thickness check gives an early indication on the dry film thickness to be achieved.
Frequent checks, in the order of five spot measurements in triple per 10m2 shall be carried out.
The average of the five spot measurements shall be within the specified thickness, while single spot measurements are permitted to be down to 80% of the specified thickness. The single gauge readings, however, making up the spot measurement, can underrun by a greater amount.
8.5 Paint adhesion testing shall be performed, after curing, by the method as described per ASTM D 3359, methoda.
Frequency of this testing shall be one test on each vessel, column, etc. and for structural steel one test per 10 tons of steel.
Acceptance criteria : rating 4A or better.
8.6 The final inspection shall deal with the general appearance, overall film thickness, pinholing, cracking, flaking, blistering, etc.
All defects found shall be corrected to the originally specified number of coats.
In the event the MDFT has not been obtained, an additional compatible coat shall be applied.
9. Precautions
9.1 The compressed air to be used shall be free of oil and water. Adequate separators and traps shall be provided, installed in the coolest part of the system. They shall be regularly emptied to prevent carry over of water and oil. Accumulations of oil and moisture shall be removed from the air receiver by regular purging.
Air compressors shall not be allowed to deliver air at a temperature in excess of 110°C. Nozzles shall be discarded and replaced when wear reaches 50%.
9.2 During the execution of the work, the respective vendors and contractors shall take all necessary steps to:
9.2.1 Protect equipment and machinery against damage caused by abrasives, dust or other foreign matter.
9.2.2 Seal off nozzles against the entry of abrasives.
9.2.3 Prevent paint from touching surfaces not intended to be painted.
Special care shall be taken to prevent primers/paints containing pure zinc and chloride to touch stainless steels.
9.2.4 Protect prepared surfaces and drying coats against contamination by detrimental agents (including water).
9.2.5 Prevent the rinsing of SS items with water.
9.3 Coats damaged by detrimental agents shall be removed and the surface shall again be prepared and coated as specified.
9.4 Surfaces accidentally soiled shall be adequately cleaned.
9.5 Mechanical damage to the dried coats shall be prevented by all means and by all parties involved.
Any damage caused shall be repaired to the full number of coats.
9.6 Rags and other waste, soiled with painting material, shall be kept in tightly closed containers and outside any vessel, tank or building until removed for disposal.
9.7 Confined spaces where painting is executed or painting materials are handled shall be kept adequately ventilated to remove solvent vapors. The concentration of these vapors shall be kept well below the Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) and Lower Explosion Limit (LEL) values of the solvents used.
9.8 Primers and paints used to paint stainless steel or carbon steel parts or appurtenances of stainless steel items shall be free of pure zinc and chloride.
9.9 For potential fire situations, where hot-dip galvanizing or zinc coatings are present, SS and NA equipment and piping shall be specially protected against the possibility of zinc embrittlement failure which may result in rapid fire escalation.
Such equipment and piping shall be located in a shielded position which will reduce the risk of molten zinc falling onto the stainless steel c.q. nickel alloy equipment and or piping.
Shielding may consist of aluminized or stainless steel sheeting.
Where adequate shielding is impractical, hot-dip galvanized or zinc coated components shall not be used in close proximity to and particularly above the steel c.q. alloy parts concerned.
10. Guarantee
10.1 The required guarantee period and guarantee requirements for the specified paint systems shall be as per requisition, unless stated otherwise under this chapter.
11. Selection of Painting Systems
11.1 Each vendor and contractor shall be responsible for the application of the correct painting systems to the surfaces included in his contract. Vendor respectively contractor shall consult relevant paint manufacturer (refer Attachment K) for particular product information.
11.2 Section 4 shall be used as a guide for surfaces not to be painted.
11.3 Together with this section 11, section 12 Attachments, shall be the guide for the selection of the painting systems.
11.4 The selection of Painting Systems shall be based on the item description and when indicated in the paint system, in conjunction with the Maximum Operating Temperature (MOT). This MOT is defined as the maximum temperature encountered during normal plant operation, start up or shut down.
11.5 CS surfaces to be insulated (all types of insulation) and operating with a maximum operating temperature of 150ºC or less, or with a maximum operating temperature of 150ºC and over when in intermittent service operating below a maximum operating temperature of 150ºC, shall be painted.
(The selection of the Painting System shall comply with the specified MOT ranges. The indication-insulated or non-insulated is not applicable for selection of Painting Systems in intermittent service)
SS surfaces to be insulated shal be painted as specified in Section 12 Attachments.
11.6 Items not painted per paragraph 11.5 shall receive a shop/transport primer (Vendor’s standard). Vendor’s standard shop/transport primer shall ensure a stand-over time of 9 months in a coastal/industrial atmosphere.
11.7 Items, which are provided with an external steam coil, shall receive the paint system suitable for the steam coil temperature.
11.8 The selection of the painting systems for the top and the bottom of columns, and for the shell and the channels of heat exchangers, shall be based on the MOT of each individual part, unless specified otherwise.
11.9 When specified field painting is to be applied in the shop, painting as specified under “Painting Systems -Touch-up and Field Painting”-section 11 shall be applied in the shop.
11.10 Notes to Attachments A through K
- As advised by paint manufacturer.
- This sealer shall be permanently re-coatable.
- Interior blast-cleaning (priming) shall apply, when specifically ordered.
- Paint shall not be applied within 50mm of edges. The 50mm distance does not include bevel. Edges to be protected with approximately 20m of epoxy shop primer.
- For insulated SS items, refer Painting Systems BS.6/7. For Carbon Steel Parts and Appurtenances of Stainless Steel, refer Painting Systems HS.1-4.
- Epoxy resin based primer shall be a polyamide cured, non-bleeding, surface tolerant primer.
- Repair system AF.5 for hot-dip galvanized surfaces shall not give rise to uncontrolled cutting and grinding of galvanized surfaces.
- Refer paragraph 11.5 and 11.6 9. Please note that epoxy coatings in general give a discoloration during higher temperatures (120-150ºC), however, the technical properties will remain unchanged.
12. Attachments
A. Structural Steel - Refer System Codes AS & AF
B. Piping, Components and valves - Refer System Codes BS & BF
C. Vessels - Refer System Codes CS & CF
D. Direct Fired Equipment - Refer System Codes DS & DF
E. Tankage (field erected) Exterior Surface Only - Refer System Codes ES & EF
F. Airfin Cooler Package - Refer System Codes FS & FF
G. Machinery - Refer System Codes GS & GF - Quantification Sheet
H. Carbon Steel Parts and Appurtenances of Stainless Steel Items - Refer System Codes HS & HF
I. Package Units - Refer System Codes Separate Accounts as Applicable - Quantification Sheet.
J. Approved Cleaning Compounds
K. Approved Paint Manufacturers
ATTACHMENTS
Structural Steel
Steel structures, such as pipe racks, equipment supporting structures, frames for steel buildings etc.
Miscellaneous structural steel, such as stairs, ladders, handrails, platforms, raised patten floor plates, sleepers, pipe supports, (excluding galvanized clamped pipeshoes, clamped pipe hangers and “U” bolts/nuts for CS pipelines).
Note: The following items are hot-dip galvanized and are not covered by this specification:
- Grating and their fixtures, i.e. used for platform flooring, stair treads, etc.
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Painting Systems-Shop Priming and Shop Painting |
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(for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
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System Code |
Item |
Surface Preparation |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (mu) par. 8.4 |
Note * |
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* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification |
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AS |
STRUCTURAL STEEL (When not hot-dip galvanized) |
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AS.1 |
Structural steel in general and miscellaneous structural steel |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
Zinc rich epoxy resin based primer |
25-40 |
(1) |
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Epoxy resin based MIO sealer, matching color of final coat |
75 |
(2) |
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Aliphatic polyurethane paint |
75 |
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AS.2 |
Structural steel to be fireproofed |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
Zinc rich epoxy resin based primer |
25-40 |
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Epoxy resin based MIO sealer |
75 |
(2) |
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Painting Systems-Touch-up and Field Painting |
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(for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
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System Code |
Item |
Touch-up par.5.3.6 |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT(mu) |
Note * |
|
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* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification. |
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AF |
STRUCTURAL STEEL (When not hot-dip galvanized) |
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AF.1 |
Structural steel in general and miscellaneous structural steel |
Touch up with epoxy resin based primer, epoxy resin based MIO sealer and aliphatic polyurethane paint |
No further painting |
(6) |
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AF.2 |
Structural steel to be fireproofed |
Touch up with epoxy resin based primer and epoxy resin based MIO sealer |
No further painting |
(6) |
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AF.3 |
Field fabricated minor pipe supports |
Tool cleaning ST2 |
Epoxy resin based primer |
100 (50 mu each layer) |
(6) |
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Aliphatic polyurethane paint |
75 |
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AF.4 |
Hot-dip Galvanized Items Repair of damaged areas and field welds in hot-dip galvanized surfaces |
Touch up with two layers zinc dust compound (minimum 92wt.% zinc dust in dry layer) to total MDFT100 |
Aluminium paint |
25 |
(7) |
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AF.5 |
Hot Dip Galvanized Surfaces Requiring a Color Code |
Light Blast Cleaning |
Epoxy resin based MI0 sealer, matching color of final coat. |
35 |
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Aliphatic polyurethane paint |
75 |
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Color Schedule
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Description |
Color |
RAL |
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Structural steel, including platforms and stair beams |
Grey |
7038 |
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Railing (excluding top rail), caged ladders (excluding rungs) and the like |
Yellow |
1006 |
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Top rail, ladder rungs, handwheels, levers and the like |
Black |
9005 |
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Dangerous obstructions |
Black/yellow in alternate bands |
9005/1021 |
Piping, Components and Valves
For non-insulated parts of insulated items, refer surfaces “non-insulated”.
| Note 1: | The following items are hot-dip galvanized and are not covered by this specification:
- Clamped pipeshoes, clamped pipe hangers and “U” bolts/nuts for CS pipelines |
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| Note 2: | All welds in piping (including areas prepared for field-welds) shall be taped off after blast cleaning and before shop priming. Tape shall in principle not be removed until removal is required for testing or welding preparation. | ||||||||
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Painting Systems-Shop Priming and Shop Painting (for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
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System Code |
Item |
Surface Preparation |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT(mu) par.8.4 |
Note * |
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* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification |
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BS |
PIPING, COMPONENTS AND VALVES |
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BS.1 |
CS surfaces MOT 120°C or less, noninsulated |
Blastclean Sa 2½ |
Zinc silicate |
60-100 |
(1) |
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Epoxy resin based MIO sealer |
75 |
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BS.2 |
CS surfaces MOT 150°C or less, when insulated |
Blastclean Sa 2½ |
High build phenolic epoxy resin based paint |
250 |
(8) |
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BS.3 |
CS surfaces MOT 121-200°C, noninsulated |
Blastclean Sa 2½ |
Zinc silicate |
60-100 |
(1) |
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Heat resistant silicone acrylic paint |
25 |
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BS.4 |
CS surfaces MOT 201-400°C, noninsulated |
Blastclean Sa 2½ |
Zinc silicate |
60-100 |
(1) |
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Heat resistant silicate aluminium paint |
30 |
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BS.5 |
CS surfaces MOT 401-600°C, noninsulated |
Blastclean Sa 2½ |
Heat resistant silicate aluminium paint |
60 |
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BS.6 |
SS surfaces with an MOT of 150°C or less, when insulated |
Cleaning as per par 5.3.5 |
High build phenolic epoxy resin based paint |
250 |
(8) |
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BS.7 |
SS surfaces with an MOT of 151-400°C, when insulated |
Cleaning as per par 5.3.5 |
Heat-resistant silicone aluminum paint |
60 |
(8) |
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Painting Systems-Touch-up and Field Painting (for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
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System Code |
Item |
Touch-up par.5.3.6 |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (mu) |
Note * |
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* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification. |
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BF |
PIPING, COMPONENTS AND VALVES |
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BF.1 |
CS surfaces MOT 120°C or less, noninsulated |
Touch up with epoxy resin based primer and epoxy resin based MIO sealer |
Aliphatic polyurethane paint |
75 |
(6) |
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BF.2 |
CS surfaces MOT 150°C or less, when insulated |
Touch up with high build phenolic epoxy resin based paint |
No further painting |
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|
|
BF.3 |
CS surfaces MOT 121-200°C, noninsulated |
Touch up with zinc rich epoxy resin based primer and heat resistant silicone acrylic paint |
Heat resistant silicone acrylic paint |
25 |
|
|
BF.4 |
CS surfaces MOT 201-400°C, noninsulated |
Touch up with heat resistant silicone aluminium paint |
Heat resistant silicone aluminium paint |
30 |
|
|
BF.5 |
CS surfaces MOT 401-600°C, noninsulated |
Touch up with heat resistant silicone aluminium paint |
No further painting |
||
|
BF.6 |
SS surfaces with a MOT of 150°C or less, when insulated |
Touch up with high build phenolic epoxy resin based paint |
No further painting |
(9) |
|
|
BF.7 |
SS surfaces with an MOT at 151-400°C, when insulated |
Touch up with heat resistant silicone aluminum paint |
No further painting |
||
Color Schedule
|
Description |
Color |
RAL |
|
|
Piping |
MOT of 120ºC or less |
Grey |
7001 |
|
MOT of 120ºC or over |
Aluminium |
9006 |
|
Vessels
Columns, reactors, tanks (shop fabricated), drums, exchangers and other vessels, including the supports, the inside and outside surfaces of the skirt , the vessel bottom. Furthermore are included non-insulated parts of insulated vessels, such as supports, clips, nozzles, manholes, davits, flanges, girth flanges, etc. And the shell near these flanges (in general left bare of insulation for the removal of bolts). Refer paragraph 7.12.
|
Painting Systems-Shop Priming and Shop Painting |
|||||
|
(for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
|||||
|
System Number |
Item |
Surface Preparation |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (m) par. 8.4 |
Note * |
|
* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification |
|||||
|
CS |
VESSELS |
||||
|
CS.1 |
CS surfaces MOT 120°C or less, noninsulated |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
Zinc silicate |
60-100 |
(1) |
|
Epoxy resin based MIO sealer, matching color of final coat |
75 |
(2) |
|||
|
Aliphatic polyurethane paint |
75 |
||||
|
CS.2 |
CS surface MOT 150°C or less, when insulated |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
High build phenolic epoxy resin based paint |
250 |
(8) (9) |
|
CS.2a |
CS surfaces MOT 150°C or less, when fireproofed |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
Zinc silicate |
60-100 |
(1) |
|
Epoxy resin based MIO sealer |
75 |
(9) |
|||
|
CS.3 |
CS surfaces MOT 121-200°C, noninsulated |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
Zinc silicate |
60-100 |
(1) |
|
Heat resistant silicone acrylic paint |
50 (25mu each layer) |
||||
|
CS.3a |
CS surfaces MOT 151-600°C, insulated |
Blastclean Sa2 |
Vendor’s standard shop primer |
50 |
(8) |
|
CS.4 |
CS surfaces MOT 201-400°C, noninsulated |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
Zinc silicate |
60-100 |
(1) |
|
Heat resistant silicate aluminium paint |
30 |
(8) |
|||
|
CS.5 |
CS surfaces MOT 401-600°C, noninsulated |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
Heat resistant silicate aluminium paint |
60 |
|
|
CS.6 |
SS surfaces with an MOT of 150°C or less, when insulated |
Cleaning as per par.5.3.5 |
High build phenolic epoxy resin based paint |
250 |
(8) |
|
CS.7 |
SS surfaces with an MOT of 151-400°C, when insulated |
Cleaning as per par.5.3.5 |
Heat resistant silicone aluminum paint |
60 |
(8) |
|
Painting Systems-Touch-up and Field Painting |
|||||||
|
(for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
|||||||
|
System Code |
Item |
Touch-up par.5.3.6 |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (m) |
Note * |
||
|
* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification. |
|||||||
|
CF |
VESSELS |
||||||
|
CF.1 |
CS surfaces MOT 120°C or less, noninsulated |
Touch up with epoxy resin based primer, epoxy resin based MIO sealer and aliphatic polyurethane paint |
No further painting |
(6) |
|||
|
CF.2 |
CS surfaces MOT 150°C or less, when insulated |
Touch up with high build phenolic epoxy resin based paint |
No further painting |
|
|||
|
CF.2a |
CS surfaces MOT 150°C or less, when fireproofed |
Touch up with epoxy resin based primer and epoxy resin based MIO sealer |
No further painting |
(6) (9) |
|||
|
CF.3 |
CS surfaces MOT 121-200°C, noninsulated |
Touch up with zinc-rich epoxy resin based primer and heat-resistant silicone acrylic paint |
No further painting |
||||
|
CF.3a |
CS surfaces MOT 151-600°C, insulated |
No further painting |
No further painting |
||||
|
CF.4 |
CS surfaces MOT 201-400°C, noninsulated |
Touch up with heat resistant silicone aluminium paint |
No further painting |
||||
|
CF.5 |
CS surfaces MOT 401-600°C, noninsulated |
Touch up with heat resistant silicone aluminium paint |
No further painting |
||||
|
CF.6 |
SS surfaces with an MOT of 150°C or less, when insulated. |
Touch up with high build phenolic epoxy resin based paint |
No further painting |
(8) (9) |
|||
|
CF.7 |
SS surfaces with an MOT of 151-400°C, when insulated |
Touch up with heat resistant silicone aluminum paint |
No further painting |
(8) |
|||
Color Schedule
|
Description |
Color |
RAL |
|
|
Vessels |
MOT of 120ºC or less |
Grey |
7001 |
|
MOT of 120ºC or over |
Aluminium |
9006 |
|
Direct Fired Equipment
External surfaces, Insulated or noninsulated of:
Heaters, furnaces, incinerators, boilers, related flue gas and air ducting, stacks, etc., including all structural steel members being part of the casing.
Note: Platforms, stairs, ladders, railings and the like shall be painted as for structural steel.
|
Painting Systems-Shop Priming and Shop Painting |
||||||||
|
(for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
||||||||
|
System Code |
Item |
Surface Preparation |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (mu) par. 8.4 |
Note * |
|||
|
* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification. |
||||||||
|
DS |
DIRECT FIRED EQUIPMENT |
|||||||
|
DS.1 |
CS surfaces MOT skin-temperature 200°C or less, noninsulated or insulated |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
Zinc silicate |
60-100 |
(1) |
|||
|
Heat-resistant silicone acrylic paint |
25 |
|||||||
|
DS.2 |
CS surfaces MOT skin-temperature 201-400°C, noninsulated or insulated |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
Zinc silicate |
60-100 |
(1) |
|||
|
Heat-resistant silicate aluminium paint |
30 |
|||||||
|
DS.3 |
Structural steel |
Refer AS |
||||||
|
Painting Systems - Touch-up and Field Painting |
||||||
|
(for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
||||||
|
System Code |
Item |
Touch-up par.5.3.6 |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (mu) |
Note * |
|
|
* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification |
||||||
|
DF |
DIRECT FIRED EQUIPMENT |
|||||
|
DF.1 |
CS surfaces MOT skin temperature 200°C or less, noninsulated or insulated |
Touch up with zinc rich epoxy resin based primer and heat resistant silicone acrylic paint |
No further painting |
|||
|
DF.2 |
CS surfaces MOT skin temperature 201¾400°C or less, noninsulated or insulated |
Touch up with heat resistant silicone aluminium paint |
No further painting |
|||
|
DF.3 |
Structural steel |
Refer AF |
||||
Color Schedule
|
Description |
Color |
RAL |
|
Direct Fired Equipment |
Aluminium |
9006 |
Tankage (field erected) Exterior Surface Only
Field erected storage tanks and spheres, including all their appurtenances and auxiliaries.
The inside of the shell of floating roof tanks from the top one meter down.
Note: Structural steel parts being part of the tankage package, such as stairs and their supports, ladders, railings, and the like, shall be painted, as for structural steel.
|
Painting Systems-Shop Priming and Shop Painting |
|||||||
|
(for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
|||||||
|
System Code |
Item |
Surface Preparation |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (mu) par 8.4 |
Note * |
||
|
For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification. |
|||||||
|
ES |
TANKAGE (FIELD ERECTED), EXTERIOR SURFACES ONLY. |
||||||
|
ES.1 |
CS tankplates |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
Zinc silicate |
15-25 |
(1) (3) |
||
|
Painting Systems-Touch-up and Field Painting |
||||||
|
(for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
||||||
|
System Code |
Item |
Surface Preparation |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (mu) |
Note * |
|
|
* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification. |
||||||
|
EF |
TANKAGE (FIELD ERECTED), EXTERIOR SURFACES ONLY |
|||||
|
EF.1 |
CS surfaces MOT 120°C or less, noninsulated |
Blastclean Sa2½ for welds and damages Remainder grit-sweeping |
Zinc phosphate epoxy resin based primer |
50 |
||
|
Epoxy resin based MIO sealer, matching color of final coat |
100 |
|||||
|
Aliphatic polyurethane paint |
75 |
|||||
|
System Code |
Item |
Surface Preparation |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (m) |
Note * |
|
* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification |
|||||
|
EF.2 |
CS surfaces MOT 120°C or less, when insulated |
Blastclean Sa2½ for welds and damages Remainder grit-sweeping |
Zinc- phosphate epoxy resin based primer |
60 |
|
|
Epoxy resin based MIO sealer |
80 |
||||
|
EF.3 |
Floating roofs (top only) MOT 120°C or less |
Blastclean Sa2½ for welds and damages Remainder grit-sweeping |
Zinc phosphate epoxy resin based primer |
50 |
|
|
Epoxy resin based MIO sealer matching color of final coat |
200 |
||||
|
Aliphatic polyurethane paint |
75 |
||||
Color Schedule
|
Description |
Color |
RAL |
|
Tankage |
Off White |
9001 |
Airfin Cooler Package
|
Painting Systems-Shop Priming and Shop Painting |
|||||
|
(for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
|||||
|
System Code |
Item |
Surface Preparation |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (mu) Par 8.4 |
Note * |
|
* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification |
|||||
|
FS |
AIRFIN COOLER PACKAGE |
As specified for attachments A, B, C and G. |
|||
|
Painting Systems-Touch-up and Field Painting |
|||||
|
(for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
|||||
|
System Code |
Item |
Touch-up par. 5.3.6 |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (mu) |
Note * |
|
* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification |
|||||
|
FF |
AIRFIN COOLER PACKAGE |
As specified for attachments A, B, C and G |
|||
Machinery
Machinery and mechanical equipment, electrical equipment, the housing of rotating machinery, (such as pumps, turbines, vacuum pumps, gear boxes, motors, compressors, mixers, agitators, etc.), weigh bridges, scales, instruments (such as level indicators, transmitters, etc.) traveling cranes, hoisting tackle and the like, and also the auxiliaries connected to any of these items.
In lieu of the specified painting systems, machinery may be painted in accordance with vendor’s standard painting practice and vendor’s standard color, provided workmanship, quality of the materials used, the number of coats and MDFT are no less than called for in this specification. The painting system shall be permanently re-coatable.
Each vendor of machinery undertaking shop painting shall submit the following vendor documents for approval:
- Quantification sheet for coating work, as attached, duly completed by vendor.
- Relevant paint data sheets, containing the following minimum information:
- a) surface preparation method and standard;
- b) binder resin type (vehicle);
- c) main type of pigment and percentage;
- d) brand name of paint;
- e) paint manufacturer’s name;
- f) maximum temperature resistance of paint.
- Once reviewed by purchaser, no other paint materials/systems shall be used.
- Field paint repair procedure.
- To facilitate repair painting of vendor’s standard paintwork, vendor shall submit relevant field paint repair procedure.
- Field painting on machinery, etc. shall be executed only when the shop applied paints have been damaged.
- The paint repair of vendor’s standard paintwork shall be executed in accordance with vendor’s field paint repair procedure.
Painting Systems-Shop Priming and Shop Painting |
|||||||||
|
(for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
|||||||||
|
System Code |
Item |
Surface Preparation |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (mu) par. 8.4 |
Note * |
||||
|
* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification |
|||||||||
|
GS |
MACHINERY, ETC.. |
(5) |
|||||||
|
GS.1 |
MOT 90°C or less |
Blastclean Sa2 |
One coat of alkyd primer |
40 |
|||||
|
Two coats of alkyd finish paint |
80 (40mu each layer) |
||||||||
|
GS.2 |
MOT 91°C and over |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
One coat of heat resistant primer, air-curing |
40 |
|||||
|
Two coats of heat- resistant finishing paint, air-curing |
50 (25mu each layer) |
||||||||
|
Painting Systems-Touch-up and Field Painting |
||||||||
|
(for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
||||||||
|
System Code |
Item |
Touch-up par. 5.3.6 |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (µ) |
Note * |
|||
|
* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification |
||||||||
|
GF |
MACHINERY, ETC.. |
(5) |
||||||
|
GF.1 |
MOT 90°C or less |
Touch up per vendor's field paint repair procedure |
No further painting |
|||||
|
GF.2 |
MOT 91°C and over |
Touch up per vendor's field paint repair procedure |
No further painting |
|||||
Color Schedule
|
Description |
Color |
RAL |
|
Machinery |
Vendor’s standard |
|
|
Dangerous or exposed parts of machinery |
Alert orange |
2003 |
|
Fire equipment and services |
Red |
3000 |
|
First-aid equipment |
Dark green |
6002 |
|
Quantification Sheet for Coating Work |
||||||||
|
Package Units and Machinery |
DCN No.: 421 |
|||||||
|
To be completed by Vendor |
||||||||
|
Equipment |
Type |
Coating |
Coating Material |
Remarks |
||||
|
Item (or part) |
of skin material |
Sur- face |
MOT in oC |
System |
Supply by |
Install. by |
||
|
CS/SS |
(m2) |
Vendor |
Vendor |
|||||
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(3) |
(4) |
||||
|
Summary of attachments by Vendor: |
||||||||
|
Notes |
||||||||
|
(1) |
Measured over the outside surface to be coated. |
|||||||
|
(2) |
MOT means maximum operating temperature of equipment (not considered are foreseen upset conditions). For internally lined equipment, MOT shall mean the maximum skin temperature. |
|||||||
|
(3) |
Vendor to indicate YES or NO in this column. |
|||||||
|
(4) |
Vendor to state reference to applicable specifications such as: Company/Purchaser’s specifications or Vendor’s attached specification, together with relevant coating repair procedure. It is Vendor’s responsibility that his subvendor’s work is also stated on this sheet. |
|||||||
Carbon Steel Parts and Appurtenances of Stainless Steel Items
Carbon or low alloy steel parts and appurtenances of stainless steel vessels, equipment and piping.
Note: Refer paragraph 9.8.
|
Painting Systems-Shop Priming and Shop Painting |
|||||||||
|
(for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
|||||||||
|
System Code |
Item |
Surface Preparation |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (m) par. 8.4 |
|||||
|
* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification |
|||||||||
|
HS |
CS PARTS AND APPURTENANCES OF SS ITEMS |
||||||||
|
HS.1 |
Parts and appurtenances with an MOT of 120°C or less, noninsulated. |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
Zinc phosphate epoxy resin based primer |
100 |
|||||
|
Aliphatic polyurethane paint |
75 |
||||||||
|
HS.2 |
Parts and appurtenances with an MOT of 150°C or less, when insulated. |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
High build phenolic epoxy resin based paint |
250 |
(8) (9) |
||||
|
HS.3 |
Parts and appurtenances with an MOT of 121¾200°C, noninsulated |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
Heat resistant silicone acrylic paint |
50 (25m each layer) |
|||||
|
HS.4 |
Parts and appurtenances with an MOT of 201¾400°C, noninsulated |
Blastclean Sa2½ |
Heat resistant silicone aluminium paint |
40 (20m each layer) |
|||||
|
Painting Systems-Touch-up and Field Painting |
||||||
|
(for approved materials and paint manufacturers, refer to attachments J and K) |
||||||
|
System Code |
Item |
Touch-up par. 5.3.6 |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (µ) |
Note * |
|
|
* For explanation of Notes, see paragraph 11.10 of this specification |
||||||
|
HF |
CS PARTS AND APPURTENANCES OF SS ITEMS |
|||||
|
HF.1 |
Parts and appurtenances with an MOT of 120°C or less, noninsulated. |
Touch up with zinc-phosphate epoxy resin based paint and aliphatic polyurethane paint |
No further painting |
(6) |
||
|
Para-graph |
Item |
Touch-up par. 5.3.6 |
Primers/Paints |
MDFT (µ) |
Note * |
|
HF.2 |
Parts and appurtenances with an MOT of 150°C or less, when Insulated |
Touch up with high build phenolic epoxy resin based paint |
No further painting |
(8) |
|
|
HF.3 |
Parts and appurtenances with an MOT of 121-200°C, noninsulated |
Touch up with heat resistant silicone acrylic paint |
No further painting |
||
|
HF.4 |
Parts and appurtenances with an MOT of 201-400°C, noninsulated |
Touch up with heat resistant silicone aluminium paint |
No further painting |
Color Schedule
|
Description |
Color |
RAL |
|
The color schedule of the main part shall be followed |
Package Units
Package units, such as water treatment units, heaters, desalters and the like, including all appurtenances and auxiliaries included in these packages shall be painted as specified for the separate accounts, i.e. structural steel, piping, vessels, etc.
Each vendor of package units undertaking priming and painting shall submit for approval:
Quantification sheet for coating work, as attached, duly completed by vendor.
Quantification Sheet for Coating Work |
||||||||
|
Package Units and Machinery |
DCN No.: 421 |
|||||||
|
To be completed by Vendor |
||||||||
|
Equipment |
Type |
Coating |
Coating Material |
Remarks |
||||
|
Item (or part) |
of skin material |
Sur- face |
MOT in oC |
System |
Supply by |
Install. by |
||
|
CS/SS |
(m2) |
Vendor |
Vendor |
|||||
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(3) |
(4) |
||||
|
Summary of attachments by Vendor: |
||||||||
|
Notes |
||||||||
|
(1) |
Measured over the outside surface to be coated. |
|||||||
|
(2) |
MOT means maximum operating temperature of equipment (not considered are foreseen upset conditions). For internally lined equipment, MOT shall mean the maximum skin temperature. |
|||||||
|
(3) |
Vendor to indicate YES or NO in this column. |
|||||||
|
(4) |
Vendor to state reference to applicable specifications such as: Company/Purchaser’s specifications or Vendor’s attached specification, together with relevant coating repair procedure. It is Vendor’s responsibility that his subvendor’s work is also stated on this sheet. |
|||||||
Approved Cleaning Compounds (in alphabetical sequence)
1. Industrial Cleaner
As supplied by:
Arkenbout
Gouderakstraat 45
3079 DB Rotterdam
The Netherlands
2. Turco Jetclean No. 1
As supplied by:
Turco Chemical Production N.V.
P.O. Box 48
6710 BA Ede
The Netherlands
3. Vecom B-24
As supplied by:
Vecom B.V.
P.O. Box 27
3140 AA Maassluis
The Netherlands
Approved Paint Manufacturers
1. AKZO NOBEL Coatings B.V.
Rijksstraatweg 31 / P.O. Box 3
2170 BA Sassenheim
The Netherlands
2. Ameron B.V.
J.F. Kennedylaan 7 / P.O. Box 6
4190 CA Geldermalsen
The Netherlands
3. Carboline Benelux B.V.
Schoonhovenseveer 31-33 / P.O. Box 62
2964 GB Groot-Ammers
The Netherlands
4. Hempel Coatings B.V.
James Wattweg 2 / P.O.Box 258
3130 AG Vlaardingen
The Netherlands
5. International Paint B.V.
Kleidijk 88 / P.O.Box 856
3161 HJ Rhoon
The Netherlands
6. Sigma Coatings B.V.
Parmentier Plein 13 / P.O.Box 1037
3088 GN Rotterdam
The Netherlands